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@TESTING EQUIPMENT

	In this section we shall discuss the auxilliary equipment
needed to operate the rocket engine, the installation of this
equipment, and its safe use in engine operation.

Feed System

	The feed system for amateur rocket engine testing consists of
a tank to store the liquid fuel, a regulated supply of high pressure
nitrogen gas to force the fuel from the tank into the engine, a
regulated supply of high pressure gaseous oxygen, and a control device
for regulating the propellant flow rates. A typical pressurizing feed
system is shown schematically in Figure 10.

Feed System Components

	The components of a rocket engine feed system are precision
instruments designed to handle gas and/or liquids at high pressure.
While many of the components suitable for use in amateur rocket 
feed systems are readily available from welding or automohile parts
suppliers, they are usually relatively expensive. The amateur
builder should expect the assembly of the feed system to be an 
expensive project which, however, need be done only once. The use of
quality products, made to do the job or very carefully modified and
pre-tested, is mandatory for safe operation of amateur rocket engines.

	High Pressure Gas Cylinders

	Gases stored in cylinders at high pressure (usually about 1800
psi) are readily obtained from any bottled gas supplier or from many
welding suppliers.  Special fittings with nonstandard threads are used
to prevent use of incorrect equipment with the cylinders.  Although
cylinders can be purchased, they are usually rented and then returned
to the supplier for recharge at a nominal fee. High pressure gas
cylinders should never he dropped or mishandled. Cylinders should be
stored so they cannot fall over or inadvertently roll; the best way of
securing is to chain or strap the cylinders to an appropriate stand or
worktable. When cylinders are not in use the cap should be kept on to
protect the cylinder valve. Several suppliers of high pressure gases
publish instruction books on the care and use of high pressure
cylinders (see Bibliography); the amateur is encouraged to read and
follow these professional instructions.

Figure 10 Schematic diagram of gas pressure feed system. Propellants
are a liquid fuel and gaseous oxygen. (1) high pressure gaseous
nitrogen supply, (2) pressure regulator, (3) check valve, (4) fuel
tank, (5) gaseous oxygen cylinders, (6) relief valve, (7) vent
valve, (8) fill port, (9) drain valve, (10) remotely operated
propellant control valve, (11) fuel filter, (12) purge valve, (13)
rocket engine. P is pressure gauge.

Gaseous Nitrogen

	Nitrogen is an inert gas compatible with all normally
available materials. The amateur builder will have little
dificulty with materials of construction for nitrogen but must be
careful that all components are suitable for high
pressure service. Cleanliness of components is important for
proper and reliable operation,

Gaseous Oxygen

	Oxygen will not itself burn but does vigorously support the
rapid combustion of almost all other materials. The amateur must be
concerned not only with suitablility of components for high pressure
service but also must use only components that are made from oxygen
compatible materials and that are cleaned for oxygen service.  All
items, including lines, fittings, valves, regulators, etc., MUST be
absolutely free from oil, grease, and similar contaminants. Thorough
cleaning of all items in solvent, followed by a complete rinse in
acetone, is an absolute must.  Orders for commercial items should he
marked to indicate their intended use with high pressure gaseous
oxygen.  Many commercial suppliers of valves and regulators offer a
special service for cleaning their products for oxygen service.  The
amateur should avail himself of these services whenever possible, even
though they will add slightly to the initial cost of the component.
	When cleaning components with solvent or acetone, the amateur
builder should observe all rules of safety applying to these
chemicals.  They are toxic and easily ignited.  Cleaning should be done
outside and away from huildings, fires, or other possible ignition
sources. These fluids should not be stored indoors but in vented
lockers away from main buildings.

Fuel Tank

	The fuel tank is a closed vessel which contains the liquid
fuel at moderate pressure (300-500 psi).  Tanks of various sizes and
shapes, made from carbon- or stainless steel, are offered to the public
from war surplus outlets.  The amateur builder should be very careful
if he decides to use such a tank.  They should not be modified since
in nearly all cases they are thin wall pressure vessels made for
aircraft service, and additional outlets or welding to the tank wall
could seriously weaken the tank.  In all cases the tank should be
hydrostatically tested to at least 1 1/2 times desired operating
presure before use in the rocket engine feed system.

	The amateur may build (or have built) a tank especially for
his requirements.  Seamless tubing or pipe (mild steel or stainless
steel) with welded flat end plates makes an excellent tank.  Outlet
ports are easily tapped in the flat end plates, The tank wall
thickness is given by Equation (22)

	t_w = PD/2S

where P is the pressure in the tank (1 1/2 times the desired operating
pressure), D is the outside diameter of the tank, t_w is the wall
thickness, and S is the allowable stress. The size of the tank is
determined by the size of the rocket engine and the desired operating
time. The engine discussed in Example Design Calculation had a fuel
flow rate of 0.022 lb/sec. A tank with a 4-inch inside diameter and 12
inches long would hold enough gasoline to run this engine for 175
seconds. If the tank outside diameter is 4.5 inches, the allowable
stress in the steel is 20,000 psi, and the operating pressure is 500
psi so that the design pressure is 750 psi, a tank minimum wall
thickness of 0.085 inch is calculated. A wall thickness of 0.250 inch
is chosen to allow for welding factors, stress concentrations, and the
size of available seamless tubing. The tank inside diameter is 4.0
inches. The flat end plates for this tank should be at least twice
the thickness of the tank wall (i.e. for this case, at least 1/2
inch thick). Drilling and tapping should be done prior to welding, to
prevent oil and metal chips from falling into the tank.  Welding
should be done by an expert with several passes for each end plate
(see Figure 11).  End plate ports should then be re-tapped. The tank
should be thoroughly cleaned and hydrostatically tested prior to use
in the rocket engine feed system.

	The fuel tank should contain enough ports, or the tank
plumbing should be so arranged, that a safety relief valve (either
spring loaded or a burst disc), gas inlet port, load and vent port,
and fuel outlet and drain are available.  Many of these functions can
be incorporated as part of the gas inlet and fuel outlet plumbing so
that only two ports, one on each end of the tank are required.

Figure 11 Fuel tank end detail. Several weld passes should be used to
attach the end plates to the seamless tubing.

	Tanks made from seamless tubing should not be greater than six inches in 
diameter; wall stress is a function of diameter, and at high stress, 
specialized design information, not usually available to the amateur builder, 
is required.  Also, the force on the tank end plates increases rapidly with 
tank diameter.

Gaseous Nitrogen Regulator

	The purpose of a regulator is to maintain a constant pressure
on the downstream side of the regulator as the pressure in the gas
cylinder on the upstream side decreases.  A good quality regulator
will maintain the downstream pressure quite accurately over a range
of gas flow rates as long as the upstream cylinder pressure does not
decrease so as to become too close to the downstream pressure. Thus, 
all the gas in the cylinder is not usable since some excess pressure 
(hence, gas) is required to drive the gas through, and maintain control 
of, the regulator. The flow rate of nitrogen gas required for the
fuel from the tank is relatively small and could be handled by a
regular gaseous oxygen welding regulator equipped with nitrogen
cylinder fittings. However, most welding regulators do not permit
adjustment to the high downstream pressure required for rocket engine
operation. A number of commercial firms (see List of Suppliers) market
regulators for non-welding purposes that are admirably suited for
fuel tank pressurization. Especially attractive is the Grove Mity-Mite
regulator with internal regulation. Inexpensive, special fittings are
required to attach these regulators to the gas cylinder. These
fittings are available from several sources (see List of Suppliers).

Gaseous Oxygen Regulator

Ihe discussion of regulators for gaseous nitrogen service applies to 
gaseous oxygen also, except that the regulator should be especially cleaned 
for oxygen service and, if possible, metal-to-metal seats should be used within
the regulator.  Regulator manufacturers should be consulted for reccomendations
on seat materials for use with gaseous oxygen in their regulators.  Special
fittings for attaching the regulator to the oxygen cylinder are available
from the sources supplying nitrogen cylinder fittings.  These sources can also 
supply cylinder manifold kits so that two or more oxygen cylinders can be used 
simultaneously to achieve long engine run durations.

Propellant Control Valves

The propellant control valves allow the operator to start and then manually 
remote-control the flow of each propellant in to the rocket engine.  These 
valves should be stainless steel needle valves with Teflon packing or seals.
Many manufacturers make this kind of valve (see List of Suppliers). The 
valve for gaseous oxygen shoud be larger than the valve for the fuel line. 
Engines of the size discussed in Example Design Calculation should use a 
1/4-inch ftel valve (that is, 1/4 National Pipe Thread line size) and a 
1/2-inch oxygen valve. The tubing actnally entering, and leaving, the 
valves need not be this large, but the valves themselves should be as 
indicated to afford a range of flow control with minimum pressure drop 
across the valve. Since these valves control the flow of propellants, 
they should be mounted near the tanks and engine on the test stand, and 
operated remotely by means of valve stem extensions (see discussion on 
Test Stand).

Other Valves

Other valves required in the feed system include the fuel tank vent and fill 
valve, the drain valve, and the nitrogen purge valve. Inexpensive, high 
quality ball valves are highly reccomended for these functions since they offer 
positive shut-off, easy operation with handle indication of on or off, and full 
line opening.  Brass or stainless steel valve bodies with Teflon seats are 
acceptable, and the valves may be line or panel mounted (see List of Suppliers).

Check Valves

	Check valves permit fluid flow in one direction only. They are widely used in 
the aircraft and hydraulic industry and are manufactured by many companies. 
l/4-inch line size is recommended for all functions shown in Figure 10 with 
the exception Of the gaseous oxygen line check valve which should 
feature metal-to-metal seats and be at least 3/8inch line size. Check valves 
should be thoroughly cleaned prior to use and tested to insure that tlle 
check is working properly.

Relief Valves



	The fuel tank requires a relief device of some type to prevent tank failure 
in the event of over-pressurization. While this is high unlikely, it 
could happen if the gaseous nitrogen regulator failed to function or shut-off 
properly.  An adjustable spring-loaded relief valve is reccomended because
it may be set to different pressures as feed system uses change, and because,
if used, does not have to be replaced.  An alternate device is the burst disc
which ruptures at a preset pressure and relieves the overpressure in the tank. 
Burst discs require replacement after actuation and are not pressure adjustable.
A different disc must be used for each pressure range desired.

Fuel Filter

	Fuel injection holes on small liquid-fuel rocket engines 
are easily plugged with contaminants from tbe fuel tank and control system. 
A fuel filter which can filter out particles down to ten microns in size 
is highly reccommended and will save tbe amateur builder much grief when 
actual testing is started. Several concerns make small filters suitable
for rocket engine feed systems (see List of Suppliers).

Pressure Gauges

	Fuel, oxygen, water, and combustion chamber pressure are essential measurements
for rocket engine operation.  Buordon-tube pressure gauges offer accuracy, 
ruggedness, low cost, and availability for this requirement. Numerous
manufacturers make these gauges in a bewildering variety of styles, sizes,
and prices.  Bronze Bourdon tubes are recommended since they are fully compatible
(when cleaned) with gaseous oxygen or hydrocarbon fuel and are so widely used 
that significant cost savings are possible.

	Small (2 1/2 or 3-inch diameter) high pressure 
gauges similar to those used on oxygen welding
regulators should be used by the amateur builder 
for measuring pressure in the high pressure gas cylinders or manifolds. 
These gauges can be obtained from a welding supply shop.

	Gauges for fuel, oxygen, water, and combustion chamber pressure 
should be at least 3 1/2 inch diameter for easv reading, from a distance. 
These 3 1/2 Acaloy gauges of Helicoid (see List of Suppliers) are 
recommended because of their reliability and low cost. These 
gauges are easily panel mounted and make a neat test stand installation.

Plumbing

Plumbing refers to tbe flow tubes and fittings used to collnect the 
components discussed previously. 1/4-inch diameter stainless steel tubing 
for the fuel and nitrogen systems and 3/8 inch diameter stainless 
tubing for the oxygen line are recommended. Flare fittings with metal to 
metal seats are also recommended for joining the tubing to other components. 
1/4 and 3/8 inch diameter copper tubing can also be used for the fuel, 
oxygen, and nitrogen supply system but is not as desirable as stainless 
steel and is more easily flared. The amateur builder should use 
only good flaring tools and should form or bend tubing only with a tube 
bender. Where the fittings screw into fuel tank, valve, or other 
components having pipe threads, the use of Teflon tape on the threads is 
recommended. No other pipe thread compound should be used, especially 
on gaseous oxygen components.
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	The compontnts of a rocket engine feed system are precision
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suppliers they are usually relatively expensive. The amateur
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expensive  project which, however, need be done only once. The use of
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service but also must use only conponents that are made frem oxygen
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	When cleaning components with soltent or acetone, the amateur
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shapes, made from carbon or stainless steel, are offered to the public
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hydrostatically tested to at least 1 1/2; times desired operating
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specialized design information, not usually available tohe amateur builder, 
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cylinder on the upstream side decreases . A good quality regulator
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decrease too close to the downstream pressure. Thus, all the gas in
the cylinder is not usable since some excess pressure (hence, gas) is
required to drive the gas throtlgll, anci lnaintain control of, the
regulator. The f low ratc of nitrogen gas required to for�e the
fuel from the tank is relatively small and coula be handled by a
regular gaseous oxygen welding regu lator equipped with nitrogen
d158 3
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adjustment to tlle high downstream pressure required for rocket engine
operation. A number of commercial firms (see List of Suppliers)market
regulators for non-x.Çelding purposes that are admirably suited for
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fittings sre avai lable from several sources (see List of Suppliers).
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Tll(' propellant control valves allow the operator to start and then manually 
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1/4-inch ftel valve (tllat is, 1/4 National Pipe Thread line size) and a 
1/2-inch oxygen valve. The tubing actnally entering, an(1 leaving, the 
valves need not be this large, but tlle valves themselates shotlld be as 
indicated to afford a range of flew control with minimum pressure drop 
across the valve. Since these valves control the flow of prolzellants, 
tlley shollld be mountcd ncar the tanks and engine on thc test stand, and 
operated remotely hy means of valvc stem en:tensions (see discussion on 
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	Check valves permit fluid flow in onÇdirection only. They are widely used in 
tllÇa aircr.nft and hydraulic industry and are manufactxlrcd by many companies. 
l/4-inch line size is recommrnded for all functions sllown in Figure 10 with 
tllc exception Of tlle gaseous oxygen line check v.n^lve wllicll should 
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shonld be thoroughly cleaned prior to use and tested to insure that tlle 
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in tlle event of over-pressurization. While this is high unlikely, it 
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it may be set to different pressures as feed system uses change and because,
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	Fuc1 injection holes on small liquid-fuel rocket engines 
are easilv plugged with contaminants from tbe fuel tank snd control system. 
A fuel filter which can filtsr out Particles down to ten microns in size 
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Pressure Guages
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for rocket engine operation.  Buordon-tube pressure guages offer accuracy, 
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manufacturers make these gauges in a bewhildering variety of styles, sizes,
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guages similar to those used on oxygen welding
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for measuring pressnre in the high pressure gas cylinders
 or manifolds. These guages can be obtained from a welding supply shop.
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	Gauges for fuel, oxygen, water, and combustion chambcr pressure 
should be at least 3 1/2 inch diametcr for easv readinp, from a distance. 
These 3 1/2 Acaloy gauges of Helicoid(see List of Suppliers) are 
rccommended because of their reliability and low cost. Tllese 
gatVg,es are casil> panel mollnted and make a neat test stand installation.
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Plumbing refers to tbe flow tuhes and fittings used to collnect tlXe 
components discvlsscd previollslv. 1/4-inch diameter stainless steel tubing 
for the fuel and nitrogen systems and 3/8 incll diameter stainless 
tubing for the oxyg,en line are rccommended. Flare fitLings with metal to 
metal seats are also recommended for joining llle tubing to other components. 
1/4 and 3/8 inch diameter col)y!cr tubing can also be tlsed for tlle fuel, 
ox!gen, and nitrogen stlpply system but is not as dtlrable as stainless 
stecl and is more casil! dalared. The amateur builder should use 
only good flaring tools and should form or bend tubing only witll a tube 
bender. Wllere tllhc fittings scre1v into fuel tank, valve, or other 
components having pipe threads, the use of Teflon tape on tlle tllreads is 
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on gaseous oMygen components.
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fittings sre avai lable from several sources (see List of Suppliers)
.
d168 7
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for oxygen
d176 1
a176 3
. . ,, ¥ Ñ , ã
(}rf. n l!iO, ('xl'f'l)l tll.nt t1]f' r( fi fi11at.,r <il,,ã,l.! 1ã 'ilB('t'i.|11)' C1('.nl}f'd f(Mr o:yl(ll {;(rviC�X :Znfl,if T)ossilwlff}, metal-lo-melal se.nts shotlld h(8 tlse(l witt|1 tl t !|(* t e>y ll 1 .n t l)r . 1t(b)tWX t .z t (>r mnrltl f ?C t ttr('rS S}l()tl 1 ( he c�snslllte(t ror rebcoXtnllXsllllatiolls nn stat r,ltor
ials [or tl!;f' x.'itll (t,l':fOtt': f)''\'gftl irl tlleir rep,nlators. ';ll�cinl fittitlpz; for att-)cl)irlst tlle r{>;ul.ltor to tlle ¥!-'\s't'll (\'1 i!lf!f*r *?rfi ltfnil Xizle fr{>t 11(| f;()llre (|!; !;tll}l) l }> i rls- 1l i t 1, |lÇl 1] ( *. I i l) If r f i t t i !lst 'i 'llle|S(b Sotlre r|!: ( ;lll :|1 f:f} * tll�l>l N ( x l illfs# r rU.nr|i fX)1d l<its so tllat lxvo (!r llzstl �5-Xl#l} 1.!itl#!XrÇ; (ar E)e lls(8d simtlltaZl(oZlt.lX 1,) :ltlli# f8 IX>rRÁt �WÇX ing rtlrz dt.lratiorls .
d178 14
a191 1
I'ropc ] I an t (,oll t ro I V.n I s.r ¥
a192 3
Tll(' Pr()l)('l 1.2lll ('()lltrf)l '/.q1'.'f'' ,tl 10',, t!1f oper
alor to start alld tl]l n n;llltT.nl 1 1-Cmote -control t1l(' [lot} Or ('aC'll l)rO})f'} 1.|l1t irltO tlle r�rcl{et rns<i n ¥ . l ll{ s r- v a I v ¥ 1 I) f)t l I f 1 6) f ' S t t1 i 111 (' S S S. t f' (' I n � dl( valvcs x.illl T�1loll l.;lcl ing or s(.nls. Isan) Wlnllllfa<:lllrCl-s lllnl{( tlli; ltill�l OF valv( ( .l c T.ist of SXlF)y}licrs). Ihe Z|l\.te for 1a-ee1lS o:ygon shoRlld he larg/f r lllan ll|e valve ror the fnel line. ICnr,ill(|s of lhe s iz�b discll;sed in l*N:.nmsvle l)csign C.n]cnlation llollld tlS( a 1/4-incll ftel valve (tllat is, I/gJ lN'alional l'ipc Tllrcad line size) and a l/2-incll o.-ygen valve. Tllc tubing actnally cntering, an(1 leaving, the valves nced nnt be this large, I)ut tlle valves themselates shotlld lze as indicated to affor(i a range of flew control wi th minimtlm pressure (Irop across the valve. Since these valves control the flot of prolzellants, tlley shollld be mountcd ncar the tanks and eny},inc on thc test stand, and operated remotely hy means of valvc stem en:tensions (see discussion on Test Stand).

d195 6
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Other valves required in the feed system in
 clude the fuel tank vent and fil] valve, the drain valve, and the nitrogen purge valve. Inexpensive, high Sn;Ml)li(]r#).
d202 1
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Check V.-E lves
d204 7
a210 1
	Check valves permit fluid flow in onÇdirection only. They are widely used in tllÇa aircr.nft and hydraulic industry and are manufactxlrcd by many companies. l/4-inch line size is recommrnded for all functions sllown in Figure 10 with tllc exception Of tlle gaseous oxygen line check v.n^lve wllicll should feature metal-to-metal seats and be at least 3/8inch line size. Check valves shonld be thoroughly cleaned prior to use and tested to insure that tlle check is working properly.
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	The fuel tank requires a relief device of some type to prevent tank failure in tlle event of over-pressurization. Wa|ile this is high desired.
d203 1
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	Fuc1 illjectioll hol( S <un !:nla 1 1 1 iqni d - ftle] rocket engillcs are easilv �>lU~~~~S>s(i witl~~ contarjllats from tbe fucl talik -lnd colltrXrl sNster. A luÇl 1ilter whiclM can liltsr out Pnrticles ff0'.Tt tfn t(8n mierons ill siz(b is biglalv rfss<!rTrent2cfl and \.'ill !:aVt' tbe .'tTt}.-ttt'Hl- }ãlil,lf\r rrllfl! [Prief x:llfn 'lt'l'l*']l t('St inl' i'; stnrtf|tl. S�e f ral rfr ccrnx ra'K ^ f T 1l l f i ltÇ rt f;Xlil,ll8ll^ fr|1 rf^l lwÇ|t �t8):irlr fÁ (
d205 6
a210 1
.:\ -t 1 r11'; (sl (| 1,i f:1 1'1 ';|l1'l'I i{'I'' ) 
d212 1
a212 1
I I f'';!itll t' (..nIIfi't'!;
d214 7
a220 1
tlfbl, f}X)'['('II, 1,;IIX|r av1fl t�118l))lf;2 i<'Xl c!larbfr
a221 5
l)rf>ff;�;Zlrf& ar(b (jr;Ç;f llt i:11 Il�@@af ttl-(le{ llt s 1l!r rrc>Ç t

('ll7,illv Ol)er.'ttiOn. ¤\uOr�ltul-tllllfi l)rt'';(dlre l,f.ll]f,{{S
nrrer a<cnr.l(v, rnplXflns ;;, I(-; c�) t, arf! a ai;;I})ilit)r for t}l js rtfltlirfllldlt. rl,lB,tl'(',lS rnnvXfacturers make tlXese P.n|lgP!i ill a bt':.'i l.l(bring varietxw Of styles, sizts, .an!l [)I'iCf''-;. P,ronze n,l>hr�ln-n llllres al-z) rf}(f)nlTXl(|nd(8(l ff illt^f8 tllttXs ar�j flll ]v cf8rr�atil.le (>/1Z(}11 e }{>;llls8(l) vlilll F,lscb�zXl1 o:NÈgcn or }y(lrocarl)oll [Xl(bl an,l fIre ';(l wifl(^l a* llseCl t}?n� Signifie;lãt eost S.nVil)>tX are V)ossibln.

d231 2
a232 2
rccommen(le(l hec;ltlse of llleir reliabilitN and low cosL. Tllese 
gatVg,es are casil> panel mollnted and make a neat test st.nn(l installat iOIl.
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@d173 1
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ials [or tl!;f' x.'itll (t,l':fOtt': f)''\'gftl irl tlleir rep,nlators. ';ll�cinl fittitlpz; for att-)cl)irlst tlle r{>;ul.ltor to tlle ¥!-'\s't'll (\'1 i!lf!f*r *?rfi ltfnil Xizle fr{>t 11(| f;()llre (|!; !;tll}l) l }> i rls- 1l i t 1, |lÇl 1] ( *. I i l) If r f i t t i !lst 'i 'llle|S(b Sotlre r|!: ( ;lll :|1 f:f} * tll�l>l N ( x l illfs# r rU.nr|i fX)1d l<its so tllat lxvo (!r llzstl �5-Xl#l} ¹.!itl#!XrÇ; (ar E)e lls(8d simtlltaZl(oZlt.lX 1,) :ltlli# f8 IX>rRÁt �WÇX ing rtlrz dt.lratiorls .
d178 1
a178 1
alor to start alld tl]l n n;llltT.nl 1 1-Cmote -control t1l(' [lot} Or ('aC'll l)rO})f'} 1.|l1t irltO tlle r�rcl{et rns<i n ¥ . l ll{ s r- v a I v ¥ ¹ I) f)t l I f 1 6) f ' S t t1 i 111 (' S S S. t f' (' I n � dl( valvcs x.illl T�1loll l.;lcl ing or s(.nls. Isan) Wlnllllfa<:lllrCl-s lllnl{( tlli; ltill�l OF valv( ( .l c T.ist of SXlF)y}licrs). Ihe Z|l\.te for 1a-ee1lS o:ygon shoRlld he larg/f r lllan ll|e valve ror the fnel line. ICnr,ill(|s of lhe s iz�b discll;sed in l*N:.nmsvle l)csign C.n]cnlation llollld tlS( a 1/4-incll ftel valve (tllat is, I/gJ lN'alional l'ipc Tllrcad line size) and a l/2-incll o.-ygen valve. Tllc tubing actnally cntering, an(1 leaving, the valves nced nnt be this large, I)ut tlle valves themselates shotlld lze as indicated to affor(i a range of flew control wi th minimtlm pressure (Irop across the valve. Since these valves control the flot of prolzellants, tlley shollld be mountcd ncar the tanks and eny},inc on thc test stand, and operated remotely hy means of valvc stem en:tensions (see discussion on Test Stand).
d206 1
a206 1
nrrer a<cnr.l(v, rnplXflns ;;, I(-; c�) t, arf! a ai;;I})ilit)r for t}l js rtfltlirfllldlt. rl,lB,tl'(',lS rnnvXfacturers make tlXese P.n|lgP!i ill a bt':.'i l.l(bring varietxw Of styles, sizts, .an!l [)I'iCf''-;. P,ronze n,l>hr�ln-n llllres al-z) rf}(f)nlTXl(|nd(8(l ff illt^f8 tllttXs ar�j flll ]v cf8rr�atil.le (>/1Z(}11 e }{>;llls8(l) vlilll F,lscb�zXl¹ o:NÈgcn or }y(lrocarl)oll [Xl(bl an,l fIre ';(l wifl(^l a* llseCl t}?n� Signifie;lãt eost S.nVil)>tX are V)ossibln.
d208 5
a212 1
	Fimal I (2',. or 3-incll di,nnaeter) biptll F)rcssnre g.ltlÁ,es simi lar lo tll�)se uÇ;e�l on o: gen: eldinr
d214 5
a218 2
reglllatnrs sbolll(l hc use(J by the aTn~~ttcltr lrnild
zr for measurillg y)ressnre in tllC higll pressure
a219 6
gas cylin(l(rs or mJnifo]cls. Illese l0S-tns;Cs can he

f btaine(l Irom a wel(iing sn[)l)ly shop.

	cattges for fuel, oZyg(n, x.Ç.ttCXr, tn(l tonhustion cllambcr pressure sllonl(l he at least 3'; incb diam(tcr for easv readinp, from a (listance. Ilre 3'" S\caloy gatlges of llelicoi(l(see List of SllPpliers) are rccommen(le(l hec;ltlse of llleir reliabilitN and low cosL. Tllese gatVg,es are casil> pancl mollnted and make a neat test st.nn(l installat iOIl.

d223 2
a224 2
components discvlsscd previollslv. 1/4-inch (liameter stainless steel tubing 
for tllo ffXel and nltrogen systems a1l(l 3/8 incll (liam(tor stninless 
d227 8
a234 1
1/4 and 3/8 inclM diainmeter col)y!cr tvlbing can also be tlsed for tlle fuel, ox!gen, and nitrogen stlpply system bllt is not as dtlrable as stainless stecl an(l is more casil! dalared. Tllc amateur builder sl)ozll(l lXsc olllN good fiaring tools and shollkl fol-n) or bcn(l tubillg onlX witll a tube bender. Wllere tllhc fittings scre¹v into fuel tank, valve, or otller components llavin^ l pipe threads-, t}]e tlS( Of leFlor tape on tlle tllreads is recommended. No olllcr pi[)e threa(l compollnd should be use(l, esp((ia11> on gas(otls oMygen coml)onentS.
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@d172 2
a173 2
(}rf. n l!iO, ('xl'f'l)l tll.nt t1]f' r( fi fi11at.,r <il,,ã,l.! 1ã 'ilB('t'i.|11)' C1('.nl}f'd f(Mr o:yl(ll {;(rviC�X :Znfl,if T)ossilwlff}, metal-lo-melal se.nts shotlld h(8 tlse(l witt|¹ tl t !|(* t e>y ll 1 .n t l)r . 1t(b)tWX t .z t (>r mnrltl f ?C t ttr('rS S}l()tl 1 ( he c�snslllte(t ror rebcoXtnllXsllllatiolls nn stat r,ltor
ials [or tl!;f' x.'itll (t,l':fOtt': f)''\'gftl irl tlleir rep,nlators. ';ll�cinl fittitlpz; for att-)cl)irlst tlle r{>;ul.ltor to tlle ¥!-'\s't'll (\'1 i!lf!f*r *?rfi ltfnil Xizle fr{>t 11(| f;()llre (|!; !;tll}l) l }> i rls- 1l i t 1, |lÇl 1] ( *. I i l) If r f i t t i !lst 'i 'llle|S(b Sotlre r|!: ( ;lll :|1 f:f} * tll�l>l N ( x l illfs# r rU.nr|i fX)1d l<its so tllat lxvo (!r llzstl �5-Xl#l} ’.!itl#!XrÇ; (ar E)e lls(8d simtlltaZl(oZlt.lX 1,) :ltlli# f8 IX>rRÁt �WÇX ing rtlrz dt.lratiorls .
d178 1
a178 1
alor to start alld tl]l n n;llltT.nl 1 ¹-Cmote -control t1l(' [lot} Or ('aC'll l)rO})f'} 1.|l1t irltO tlle r�rcl{et rns<i n ¥ . l ll{ s r- v a I v ¥ ’ I) f)t l I f 1 6) f ' S t t1 i 111 (' S S S. t f' (' I n � dl( valvcs x.illl T�¹loll l.;lcl ing or s(.nls. Isan) Wlnllllfa<:lllrCl-s lllnl{( tlli; ltill�l OF valv( ( .l c T.ist of SXlF)y}licrs). Ihe Z|l\.te for 1a-ee1lS o:ygon shoRlld he larg/f r lllan ll|e valve ror the fnel line. ICnr,ill(|s of lhe s iz�b discll;sed in l*N:.nmsvle l)csign C.n]cnlation llollld tlS( a 1/4-incll ftel valve (tllat is, I/gJ lN'alional l'ipc Tllrcad line size) and a l/2-incll o.-ygen valve. Tllc tubing actnally cntering, an(1 leaving, the valves nced nnt be this large, I)ut tlle valves themselates shotlld lze as indicated to affor(i a range of flew control wi th minimtlm pressure (Irop across the valve. Since these valves control the flot of prolzellants, tlley shollld be mountcd ncar the tanks and eny},inc on thc test stand, and operated remotely hy means of valvc stem en:tensions (see discussion on Test Stand).
d195 1
a195 1
	Fuc1 illjectioll hol( S <un !:nla 1 1 1 iqni d - ftle] rocket engillcs are easilv �>lU~~~~S>s(i witl~~ contarjllats from tbe fucl talik -lnd colltrXrl sNster. A luÇl ¹ilter whiclM can liltsr out Pnrticles ff0'.Tt tfn t(8n mierons ill siz(b is biglalv rfss<!rTrent2cfl and \.'ill !:aVt' tbe .'tTt}.-ttt'Hl- }ãlil,lf\r rrllfl! [Prief x:llfn 'lt'l'l*']l t('St inl' i'; stnrtf|tl. S�e f ral rfr ccrnx ra'K ^ f T 1l l f i ltÇ rt f;Xlil,ll8ll^ fr|1 rf^l lwÇ|t �t8):irlr fÁ (
d197 1
a197 1
.:\ -t 1 r11'; (sl (| 1,i f:¹ 1'1 ';|l¹'l'I i{'I'' ) 
d203 1
a203 1
l)rf>ff;�;Zlrf& ar(b (jr;Ç;f llt i:11 Il�@@af ttl-(le{ llt s ¹l!r rrc>Ç t
d206 1
a206 1
nrrer a<cnr.l(v, rnplXflns ;;, I(-; c�) t, arf! a ai;;I})ilit)r for t}l js rtfltlirfllldlt. rl,lB,tl'(',lS rnnvXfacturers make tlXese P.n|lgP!i ill a bt':.'i l.l(bring varietxw Of styles, sizts, .an!l [)I'iCf''-;. P,ronze n,l>hr�ln-n llllres al-z) rf}(f)nlTXl(|nd(8(l ff illt^f8 tllttXs ar�j flll ]v cf8rr�atil.le (>/1Z(}11 e }{>;llls8(l) vlilll F,lscb�zXl’ o:NÈgcn or }y(lrocarl)oll [Xl(bl an,l fIre ';(l wifl(^l a* llseCl t}?n� Signifie;lãt eost S.nVil)>tX are V)ossibln.
d221 6
a226 2
Plumbing refers to tbe flolZ tuhes and fittings
 t|s(Ed to collnect tlXe components discvlsscd previollslv. l/t|-incl¹ (liameter stainless steel lXlbing for tllo ffXel and nltrogen systems a¹l(l 3/8 incll (liam(tor stninless tubing for the oxyg,en line are rccommended. Flare fitLings iviLll mctal Lo metai s()ats are also recommended for joining llle t|ll}ills> to otller components. 1/4 and 3/8 inclM Mlinmeter col)y!cr tvlbing can also be tlsed for tlle fuel, ox!gen, and nitrogen stlpply system bllt is not as dtlrable as stainless stecl an(l is more casil! dalared. Tllc amateur builder sl)ozll(l lXsc olllN good fiaring tools and shollkl fol-n) or bcn(l tubillg onlX witll a tube bender. Wllere tllhc fittings scre’v into fuel tank, valve, or otller components llavin^ l pipe threads-, t}]e tlS( Of leFlor tape on tlle tllreads is recommended. No olllcr pi[)e threa(l compollnd should be use(l, esp((ia11> on gas(otls oMygen coml)onentS.
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